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Networking fundamentals encompass the principles and practices involved in the design, implementation, and management of computer networks. Here are the core concepts and components: 1. Basic Concepts Network Types LAN (Local Area Network): A network limited to a small geographic area, like a single building. WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographic area, connecting multiple LANs. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network that covers a city or a large campus. PAN (Personal Area Network): A network for personal devices, typically within a range of a few meters. Network Topologies Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line. Star Topology: Devices are connected to a central hub. Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular format. Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device. 2. Network Models OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection) A seven-layer model used to standardize networking functions: Physical Layer: Transmits raw bitstreams over a physical medium. Data Link Layer: Handles error detection and correction from the physical layer. Network Layer: Manages device addressing and path determination (e.g., IP). Transport Layer: Ensures error-free data delivery (e.g., TCP). Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications. Presentation Layer: Translates data formats between applications. Application Layer: Provides network services directly to applications (e.g., HTTP). TCP/IP Model A more practical four-layer model for Internet communications: Network Interface: Combines the OSI physical and data link layers. Internet Layer: Corresponds to the OSI network layer. Transport Layer: Equivalent to the OSI transport layer. Application Layer: Encompasses OSI session, presentation, and application layers. 3. Key Networking Devices Router: Forwards data packets between computer networks, making routing decisions. Switch: Connects devices within a LAN and uses MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination. Hub: A basic device that connects multiple devices in a network but doesn't manage traffic. Modem: Modulates and demodulates signals for data transmission over telephone lines or cable systems. Access Point: Allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network. 4. Protocols IP (Internet Protocol): Addresses and routes packets across networks. IPv4: 32-bit addressing. IPv6: 128-bit addressing, allowing for a larger address space. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ensures reliable, ordered delivery of a data stream. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Provides a connectionless service for fast, efficient transmission. HTTP/HTTPS: Protocols for web browsing. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Transfers files between systems. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): For sending emails. 5. Network Security Firewall: Controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules. VPN (Virtual Private Network): Creates a secure connection over the Internet. Encryption: Protects data by converting it into a secure format during transmission. Authentication: Verifies the identity of users and devices. 6. IP Addressing and Subnetting IP Address: A unique identifier for a device on a network. Subnet Mask: Divides an IP address into network and host parts. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing): Method for allocating IP addresses and routing. 7. Wireless Networking Wi-Fi Standards (e.g., 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax): Define how wireless networking works. SSID (Service Set Identifier): The name of a wireless network. WPA/WPA2/WPA3: Security protocols for wireless networks. Understanding these fundamentals provides a solid foundation for further exploration and specialization in networking.

Category: Hardware

Networking Fundamentals

Semiconductor Devices

Introduction to TCP/IP

FPGA computing systems

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